Biology

Genetics and sequence tools: Punnett squares, Hardy-Weinberg, codon translation, and GC content.

Biology’s quantitative core is genetics and sequence analysis, and both are easy to get subtly wrong by hand. This section builds Punnett squares from monohybrid crosses through dihybrid, ABO blood type, and X-linked cases, checks a population against Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and reads DNA end to end: finding open reading frames across all six frames, translating codons into protein, and reporting composition such as GC content and oligo melting temperature. Each tool states the model it assumes, so the result is a genuine prediction you can trace back to its rules.